Key Terms
Literature review
Systematic survey of existing research before beginning a new study.
Example
If tutoring increases (IV), then test scores increase (DV).
Reliability
Consistency of results across repeated studies.
Validity
Accuracy — does the study measure what it claims to measure?
Operational definition
A concrete, measurable definition of a variable that allows consistent data collection.
Definition
Gathering primary data in the subject's natural environment. The researcher goes to where the subject lives, works, or i
Population
The full group being studied.
Interview
One-on-one conversation. Allows follow-up, clarification, and exploration of complex topics.
Strengths
Saves time and money; allows study of historical periods; no ethical concerns about subject contact. Weaknesses: data ma
Strength
Extreme depth on a unique subject. Weakness: results cannot be generalized.
Structure
Divide participants with similar characteristics into two groups.
Hawthorne Effect
When subjects alter their behavior because they know they are being observed.
Also called nonreactive or unobtrusive research
The researcher's presence does not influence the data because no subjects are being contacted.
Content analysis
Systematic approach for extracting relevant information from secondary sources.
Empirical evidence
Data from direct observation or experimentation; not opinion or assumption.