Key Terms
Stimulus-based
Stress is the event or situation itself (the exam, the job loss). Problem: ignores individual differences in how people
Response-based
Stress is the body's physiological reaction to any demand. Selye's version: "the response of the body to any demand, whe
Process-based (best definition)
Stress is the process by which a person perceives and responds to events appraised as overwhelming or threatening to wel
Primary appraisal
Judgment about how harmful or threatening the stressor is.
Secondary appraisal
Judgment about your available options and ability to cope.
Definition
Physical disorders or diseases whose symptoms are brought on or worsened by stress and emotional factors. The symptoms a
Cannon
Early 20th century Harvard physiologist; first to identify physiological stress reactions.
Fight-or-flight response
Triggered by strong emotion, especially perceived threat.
Function
Prepares the organism to either fight or flee a threat; supports homeostasis.
General Adaptation Syndrome
Three-stage model of the body's response to prolonged stress.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Fast response. Releases adrenaline.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
Slower, endocrine response.
Sequence
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing factor → pituitary releases ACTH → adrenal glands secrete cortisol.
Cortisol (stress hormone)
Short-term: boosts energy, temporarily improves immune function, reduces pain sensitivity. Long-term / chronic: weakens
Chronic stressors
Persist over extended time (caring for a sick family member, long-term unemployment). Acute stressors: brief but intense