College Physics: Further Applications of Newton's Laws

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OpenStax — College Physics 2e

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What This Module Covers

Friction
Drag Forces
Elasticity - Stress and Strain
Key Formulas Summary
Test Prep - What to Expect

Key Terms

Static friction F_s <= mu_s * N Kinetic friction: f_k = mu_k * N

Kinetic friction Surfaces ARE moving relative to each other.

Most fuel-efficient cruising speed Roughly 70-80 km/h. Streamlining (low A, low C) reduces drag force directly.

Formula Delta_V / V_0 = -(1/B) * (F/A)

Rearranged as Stress = Y * Strain Stress = F/A (units: N/m^2 or Pa) Strain = delta_L / L_0 (unitless)

Stress Force per unit area. Units: N/m^2 (Pascals).

Strain Fractional change in dimension. Unitless.

High-speed / large objects F_D = (1/2) * C * rho * A * v^2 Small / slow objects (Stokes): F_s = 6 * pi * r * eta * v Terminal velocity: v_t = sqrt(