Key Terms
Historical note
Friedrich Wohler (1828) synthesized urea from nonliving materials, disproving vitalism -- the belief that organic compou
Definition
Nitrogen atom bonded to the carbon of a carbonyl group. Functional group = -CONH-.
General formula
CnH(2n) for noncyclic alkenes.
Bond angle
~109.5 degrees. Chains have a zigzag shape, not straight.
EXAMPLE
Pyridine -- six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen.
Example
Both n-butane and 2-methylpropane have formula C4H10.
Functional group created
C-Cl bond. Functional groups determine chemical reactivity.
Carbon at the double bond
Sp2 hybridized. Bond angle = 120 degrees.
Naming
Replace -oic acid with -amide for the parent carboxylic acid.
GEOMETRIC ISOMERS (cis-trans isomers)
Exist because C=C double bonds cannot rotate freely (unlike single bonds).
ADDITION REACTION (key reaction of alkenes)
The pi bond breaks; two new sigma bonds form. Hybridization of carbons changes from sp2 to sp3.
Carbon at the triple bond
Sp hybridized. Bond angle = 180 degrees.
Simplest alkyne
Ethyne (acetylene), C2H2.
Reactions
Similar to alkenes but more reactive; reacts with twice as much reagent in addition reactions because there are two pi b
Stability
Aromatic rings are unusually stable due to delocalization. They undergo substitution (not addition) to preserve the delo