Key Terms
Raw materials
Roasted iron ore + coke + limestone (CaCO3) Temperature zones drive different reactions.
Bottom
Coke burns in preheated air → CO2 + heat Mid-lower: CO2 + C → 2CO (carbon monoxide is the actual reducing agent) Upper:
Copper
Sulfide ores roasted → Cu2S formed → air blown through → Cu2O → reduced by remaining Cu2S → blister copper → electrolyti
Silver
Hydrometallurgy used when nuggets not present
Central metal ion
The Lewis acid at the center of the complex Ligand: atom, molecule, or ion with lone pair(s) that donates to the metal
Coordination sphere
Central metal + all attached ligands (shown in brackets in formulas) Coordination number: number of donor atoms bonded d
Most common
2, 4, and 6.
MONODENTATE
Binds through one donor atom Examples: H2O (aqua), NH3 (ammine), Cl-, CN-, OH-
BIDENTATE
Binds through two donor atoms Examples: ethylenediamine (en)
POLYDENTATE (CHELATING)
Binds through more than two donor atoms
Chelate
Complex formed when a polydentate ligand bonds to a central metal. The word comes from Greek for "claw."
KEY CONSEQUENCE
Geometric isomers are different compounds with different physical and chemical properties.
Example
[Co(NH3)5SCN]2+ vs. [Co(NH3)5NCS]2+
Result
D orbitals split into two energy sets instead of remaining degenerate (all the same energy).
Weak-field ligands
Small Δoct (I-, Br-, Cl-, F-, H2O) Strong-field ligands: large Δoct (en, CN-, CO)