Key Terms
Interstitial fluid
Fluid between cells; separate from blood in closed systems Hemocoel: the body cavity into which hemolymph is pumped in o
Pulmocutaneous circulation
Gas exchange through lungs AND skin (amphibians only) Pulmonary circulation: heart to lungs and back
Systemic circulation
Heart to body organs and back Gill circulation: heart to gills to body and back (fish only) Double circulation: blood pa
Life span
About 120 days; broken down in liver and spleen by macrophages
How clotting works
1. Vessel is damaged; platelets are attracted to the site 2.
Sequence
1. Atria contract simultaneously > blood pushed through AV valves into ventricles (AV valves closing = "lup" sound)
THREE TUNICS (layers in arteries and veins)
1. Tunica intima: inner endothelial lining 2.
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of fatty plaques inside coronary arteries
Angina
Chest pain from partial blockage; reduced oxygen to heart muscle
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Complete blockage; cardiac muscle dies
Systolic pressure
Measured during heart contraction Optimal systolic: 120 mm Hg
Diastolic pressure
Measured between heartbeats (vessels at rest) Optimal diastolic: 80 mm Hg
Written as
Systolic/diastolic (example: 120/80)
Peripheral resistance
Resistance of vessel walls to blood flow High resistance = higher blood pressure
Heart rate
Contractions per minute Stroke volume: volume pumped into aorta per contraction of the left ventricle