Key Terms
Exception within gymnosperms
Gnetophytes DO have vessel elements, which is why they are considered closest to angiosperms anatomically.
Two structures explain the dominance
Flowers and fruit. Flowers = specialized for pollination and embryo protection.
Sepals (calyx)
Outermost; enclose the bud; usually photosynthetic.
Petals (corolla)
Inside sepals; often colorful; attract pollinators. Sepals + Petals together = perianth.
Monocot examples
Grasses, rice, corn, wheat, bananas, palms, lilies, orchids. Eudicot examples: roses, cabbages, sunflowers, beans, peach
Mutualism example
Acacia trees and acacia ants. Tree provides hollow thorns for nesting and sugar secretions for food.
Food
Rice, wheat, potatoes dominate global agriculture. Cereals supply carbohydrates; beans and nuts supply protein; crushed
Fiber and materials
Cotton, flax, hemp for cloth; conifers for paper pulp and timber.
Spore
Haploid (1n) Pollen grain: haploid (1n) Egg: haploid (1n) Zygote: diploid (2n) Embryo: diploid (2n) Sporophyte: diploid
Spermatophyte
Seed plant Heterosporous: produces two spore types (micro and mega) Microspore: produces male gametophyte (pollen) Megas
Strobilus
Tight cone-like arrangement of sporophylls Micropyle: opening in ovule integuments; pollen tube enters here Sporophyll:
Endosperm
Triploid (3n) food tissue for developing embryo Cotyledon: embryonic leaf; one in monocots, two in eudicots Gynoecium: c
Monoecious
Male and female on the same plant Endozoochory: seed dispersal through animal digestive system Epizoochory: seed dispers
Heirloom seed
Seed from historically grown, non-industrial plant
Barcoding
Species ID via standardized short DNA sequences