Key Terms
Oxidation
Loss of electrons. Reduction: gain of electrons.
Structure
Adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups.
ATP hydrolysis
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy
Location
Inner mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes). This is where the majority of ATP is made.
Input
1 glucose (6 carbons) Output: 2 pyruvate (3 carbons each), net 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Net result
-2 ATP invested, +4 ATP produced = net +2 ATP. Also yields 2 NADH.
Hexokinase
Step 1. Inhibited by its own product (glucose-6-phosphate).
Phosphofructokinase
Step 3. THE main control point of glycolysis.
Pyruvate kinase
Step 10. Inhibited by high ATP and alanine.
Two components
1. Electron transport chain (ETC) — builds the proton gradient.
Complex I
Receives electrons from NADH via FMN (derived from B2). Pumps 4 H+ into intermembrane space.
Complex II
Receives electrons from FADH2 directly. Does NOT pump protons.
Ubiquinone (Q)
Mobile lipid-soluble carrier connecting complexes I and II to complex III.
Complex III
Transfers electrons to cytochrome c; pumps more H+. Contains cytochrome b and iron-sulfur proteins.
Cytochrome c
Mobile carrier connecting complex III to complex IV. Carries only one electron at a time.