Key Terms
Monomer
The small building-block unit Polymer: the large chain assembled from monomers, linked by covalent bonds
Formula
(CH2O)n Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen ratio = 1:2:1
Ring forms
In water, monosaccharides exist mostly as rings, not linear chains. When glucose forms a ring, the hydroxyl group on car
Structure
Four fused carbon rings (planar structure) Hydrophobic and insoluble in water; grouped with lipids for this reason. Many
Cholesterol
Most common steroid; synthesized by the liver.
Caused by
Changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure.
CHAPERONES (chaperonins)
Proteins that assist other proteins in folding correctly. They prevent polypeptide chains from clumping together before
Two types
DNA and RNA
Every nucleotide has three components
1. Pentose sugar (5-carbon) 2.
Nitrogenous bases split into two categories
PURINES (double ring structure): Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINES (single ring structure): Cytosine (C), Thymine
DNA contains
A, T, G, C RNA contains: A, U, G, C (uracil replaces thymine)
CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA -> RNA -> Protein Transcription: DNA to mRNA (in the nucleus) Translation: mRNA to protein (at the ribosome)