Key Terms
Total bones
80 axial + 126 appendicular = 206 in the adult body.
Upper limb priority
Mobility. Lower limb priority: weight-bearing and stability.
Two bones per side
Clavicle and scapula. Right and left pectoral girdles are NOT joined to each other; each moves independently.
Three functions
1. Strut - holds shoulder joint out and up, away from the trunk 2.
Sex differences
Female clavicle is shorter, thinner, less curved. Male clavicle is heavier, longer, more curved, rougher muscle attachme
Three borders
Superior, medial, lateral. Three corners: superior angle, inferior angle, and the glenoid cavity (between superior and l
Three regions
Thigh (hip to knee), leg (knee to ankle), foot (distal to ankle).
Shaft
Interosseous border for interosseous membrane.
Carrying angle
Forearm deviates laterally 5-15 degrees from the arm. Larger in females to accommodate a wider pelvis.
Proximal row (lateral to medial)
Scaphoid - Lunate - Triquetrum - Pisiform
Carpal tunnel
Carpal bones form the walls and floor (U-shape); flexor retinaculum forms the roof. Nine tendons and one major nerve pas
Metacarpals
5 bones forming the palm; numbered 1-5 from thumb side.
Pelvic girdle
One hip (coxal) bone per side. Pelvis: both hip bones + sacrum + coccyx.
Acetabulum
Deep cup on the lateral hip bone; all three regions converge here; articulates with femoral head at the hip joint.
Obturator foramen
Large opening between ischium and pubis; mostly filled by connective tissue; serves as muscle attachment.