Key Terms
Civil rights
Guarantees by the government that it will treat people equally; especially protects groups historically denied equal tre
Civil liberties
Limitations on government power designed to protect fundamental freedoms (example: 8th Amendment ban on cruel and unusua
Definition
Government programs and policies designed to benefit historically discriminated groups
Literacy tests
Read a passage; officials chose easy passages for white voters, hard passages for Black voters
Understanding tests
Explain a constitutional provision; same discriminatory discretion applied
Grandfather clause
Provision exempting those who voted before the Civil War (and their descendants) from literacy tests; shielded illiterat
Poll tax
Fee required to vote; disproportionately blocked poor Black voters
White primary
Whites-only Democratic primary election that effectively excluded Black voters from meaningful participation
Jim Crow laws
Post-Reconstruction laws enforcing racial segregation and undermining Black rights
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
Direct action; marches and demonstrations; led by King
SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)
Student-led direct action; sit-ins, voter registration
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)
Freedom Rides; interstate transportation desegregation
Coverture
Legal erasure of a married woman's separate identity; property and wages transferred to husband
National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)
Founded 1869 by Stanton and Anthony; wanted constitutional amendment; also pushed for divorce reform and equal employmen
American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)
Founded 1869 by Lucy Stone; state-by-state strategy rather than constitutional amendment